Compilation Work on Hingu

ABBREVIATIONS

1) A. H. – Asthanga Hridaya

2) B. P. N. – Bhava Prakash Nighantu

3) C. S. – Charaka Samhita

4) D. N. – Dhanvantari Nighantu

5) K. N. – Kaidev Nighantu

6) M. P. N. – Madan Pal Nighantu

7) I. M. M. – Indian Materia Medica

8) Ni – Nidansthana

9) R. N. – Raj Nighantu

10) Ni. A. – Nighantu Adarsha

11) Su – Sutrasthana

12) Si – Sidhisthana

13) Sa – Shareera sthana

14) A. S. – Astanga Sangraha

15) P. Ni. – Priya Nighantu

16) A. K. – Amarkosha

17) V. C. – Vannoushadi Chandrodaya

18) V. N. – Vanoushadi Nidarshika

19) C. M. P. – Classical Uses of Medicinal Plants

20) Y. R. – Yogaratnakara

21) G. R. – Gunratnamala

SECTION -I

v INTRODUCTION TO AYURVEDA

v INTRODUCTION TO DRAVYAGUNA

v INTRODUCTION TO HINGU

v NIRUKTI

v HISTORY OF DRUG

v BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

v VERNACULAR NAMES

v GANA OR VARGA

v SYNONYMS

v UTILITY OF SYNONYMS

INTRODUCTION TO AYURVEDA

Ayurveda is most ancient medical faculty which is brought from Brahma is not mere the myths of successful treatment, but a well experienced science of life. This science is standing on the shoulders of the three skandhas or pillars i.e. Hetu, Linga & Aushadha

The main aim of ayurveda is :

That means to protect the health of a healthy person and to cure a diseased person’s disease. Ayurveda believes in the theme that human is made of only tridosha, sapta dhatu & trimalas. In these three entities, Tridosha is considered as health & while disturbance in that balance called as ill-health. Here comes the importance of drug to cure the individual with ill-health.

The story of drug back to the prehistoric days, our many aushadhis so many years ago based partly on observation of effect on drug; partly on human trial & error method is also then is much more explanation in Rigveda & Atharvanaveda. On this long tradition & accumulated wisdom the ancient sage on concentrated efforts put forth the regional explanation of drugs. Its qualities, gustatory effects (rasa), potency (veerya) etc.

Now the questions arise that now these herbs can cure the diseases of human body.

Then this can be answered as the common between the animal kingdom, human being & plant kingdom is that the both are sendriya & pancha-bhautika in composition.

And by the theory the samanya & vishesha siddhanta. As our scholars have told that

This whole philosophy and science of DG present in our literature; which is divided into the three points.

1. Ancient period –

In this period vedic nighantu vedant, intial form of Dhanvantari nighantu, Rasavaisheshik, the oldest extant of DG is the gift of this period.

2. Medieval period –

In this period Ashtang nighantu, Paryaya-ratnamala last part of Dhanvantari nighantu etc works were completed.

3. Modern period –

In this period gives as the work like bhavprakash nighantu, raj nighantu, shaligram nighantu etc.

After nighantus many modern scholars like P V Sharma, Y T Acharya had also done eminent work. In ayurveda already told that,

The all dravyas in this whole world are considered as Aushadhi. Now the drug which is the subject of mine is botanically identified as Ferula Narthex from family Umbellifereae. It is most important & effective Doshaghna drug indicatedin krimi, aartava dosa, murcha, apasmara, shoola, gulma, agni-mandya etc.

So, there is sufficient information of this drug available into the Samhita and nighantus and in modern books also.

So, I have tried my level best to compile the most of the information whatever it is available.

INTRODUCTION TO DRAVYAGUNA

v Characteristics of Dravyaguna Shasta :-

The first mentioning of Dravyaguna is traceable from the description of Charaka who identified Ayurveda as the science which deals with the dravyas, gunas & karmas of helpful & harmful materials.

Dravyaguna Shastra has been identified as separate specialty by Narhari the author of Raj Nighantu. Actually Acharya P V Sharma defined Dravyaguna Shastra as the branch which deals with the properties, action & therapeutic effects of various dravyas.

v Seven constituents of Dravya :-

Bhavamishra quoted about the five constituents of Dravyas viz Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, Guna & Prabhava adding Dravya & Karma to the above. Y T Acharya mentioned that sapta padarthas. Dravyaguna Shastra mainly deals with these seven aspects under the fundamental principles.

1. Dravya.

The substance which possess guna & karma with inherent relation in it is known as Dravya.

2. Rasa.

The property which is perceived through the taste-buds is known as Rasa. Ayurveda accepted six tastes viz Madhura, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

3. Guna.

It is a property which will have inherent relation with the dravya but remain inactive that means it cannot perform any activity of its own without the help of other ingredients. It also acts as non-inherent reason for a given therapeutic effect eg. Snigdha, Sheeta, Tiksna etc.

4. Virya.

It is the property by which the drug produces the therapeutics control of virya eg. Sheeta virya & Usna virya.

5. Vipaka.

It is a property of drug which is responsible for change in the original taste etc on exposure to GIT enzymes which is responsible for the drug inside the body.

6. Prabhava.

When the drug produces a result which is not in accordance with the constituents viz rasa, guna, virya, vipaka then it is denoted as Prabhava or shakti eg. Shirisha acting as vishanghna; Pushakaramula acting as Hridya etc.

7. Karma.

The inseperable reasons for the association & dissociation of a drug in exhibiting it is pharmacological action is known as karma & it is independent eg. Deepana, Paachana.

INTRODUCTION TO HINGU

In Vaikhanasa Dharma Sutra (1/7/1-3) it is mentioned that Hingu is one among the substances forbidden during Vanprasthashrama.

Panini also quoted about Ramatha in his works. Even bahlika described in Pippalaada Samhita.

Charaka quoted it as best among Chhedaniya as well as Deepaniya drugs (C.S. / Su. / 25)

F. foetida is indigeneous to the plains of Kandahar, Eastern Persia & Western Afghanistan. Hingu is obtained as an exudate of the decapitated rhizome or root of a plant about 4 years old. The stems are cut close to the root & asafoetida exudes in blobs or drops from the part left in the ground. The accumulated exudation is scrapped off at intervals of the two kinds of asafoetida known in commerce, one turns red & then brownish; when a fresh surface is exposed to air & the other remains white or pale buff. The later variety is supposed to be derived from F. rubricaulis.

Ref. -- J L N Shastry

NIRUKTI

1. हिन्गु - हिनोति शीघ्रम गच्छति नासाम् , वर्धते च स्वगुणे ; हिमं कफं वा हत्तुं गच्छति इति वा ॥

Which goes fastly into the nose; gets increase by its own properties or reaches to destroy kapha & shaitya.

2. हि गतौ व्रुध्दौ च ।

Which gets increase by its own properties.

(निघन्टु आदर्श)

HISTORY OF DRUG

Hingu is used from the ancient periods in the ayurveda medicines. Typical references are available in history of hingu.

· Charaka has quoted Hingu under Dipaniya, Swasahara, Sangyasthapana & Katu skandha vargas.

· Sushruta has considered Hingu under Pippalyadi & Usakadi vargas.

· Vagbhatta has considered Hingu under Pippalyadi varga.

· In Vaikhanasa Dharma Sutra (1/7/1-3) it is mentioned that Hingu is one among the substances forbidden during Vanaprasthasrama.

· Panini also quoted about Ramatha in his works.

· Even Bahlika has described it in Pippalada Samhita.

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom – Plantae

(unranked) – Angiosperms

(unranked) – Eudicots

(unranked) – Asterids

Order – Apiales

Family – Umbellifereae

Genus – Ferula

Species – F. assafoetida

VERNACULAR NAMES

Sanskrit                                  –                          Hingu (हिन्गु)
Hindi                                      –                          Hing (हिन्ग)
English                                   –                          Asafoetida
Gujarati                                  –                          Hing (હિન્ગ)
Marathi                                   –                          Hingu (हिन्गु)
Kannada                                 –                          Hingu (ಹಿನ್ಗು)
Telugu                                    –                          Inguva (ఇన్గువా)
Tamil                                      –                Rungayam (ருநயம)
Malayalam                              –               Rungayam (രുന്ഗയമ)
Bengali                                   –                          Hing (হিন্গ্)

गण OR वर्ग

1. Acc^to Charaka Samhita

® Sangnyasthapana

® Deepaniya

® Katuskandha

® Swasahara

2. Acc^to Sushruta Samhita

® Pippalyadi

® Ushakadi

3. Acc^to Vagbhatta

® Pippalyadi

SYNONYMS

	धन्वन्तरि निघन्टु	राज निघन्टु	निघन्टु आदर्श	मदनपाल निघन्टु	कैयदेव निघन्टु
हिन्गु	P	P	P	P
रामठ	P	P	P	P	P
अतिउग्र	P			P	P
जन्तुघ्न	P			P	P
भूतनाशन	P			P	P
अगूढगन्ध	P	P		P	P
बाह्लिक	P	P	P	P	P
जरण	P	P		P	P
सूपधूपन	P	P			P
उग्रगन्ध		P
भूतारि		P
जन्तुनाशक		P
शूल		P
गुल्मादिध्न		P
रक्षोध्न		P
उग्रवीर्य		P
भेदन		P
दीप्ततया		P

	धन्वन्तरि निघन्टु	राज निघन्टु	निघन्टु आदर्श	मदनपाल निघन्टु	कैयदेव निघन्टु
सहस्रवेधि		P	P
सूपभूषण				P
जतुक			P

UTILITY OF SYNONYMS

1. अगूढगन्ध - अगूढं गन्धं यस्या सा ।

Its smell cannot be covered by any means.

2. जतुक - जायते प्रादुर्भवति व्रुक्षस्य रसरुपेण इति जतु जतुकं वा ।

It forms in the form of secretion.

3. जन्तुघ्नं - जन्तुन् क्रिमीन् ध्नन्तीति ।

It acts as anti-microbial.

4. जरणं - जरणं जीर्णशक्तिं वर्धयति इति ।

It acts as good appetizer.

5. बाह्लीक - बाह्लीके उद्दीच्य देशे भवतीति ।

It is mainly available in Bahlika desha.

6. रामठम् - रमठे उदीच्य देशविशेषे भवम् इति ।

It is mainly available in Ramatha desha.

- रमते वा जनाः अनेन रुचिजनकोतम वेशवारत्वात् ।

It is liked by many people since it provides good taste to dishes.

7. सहस्रवेधि - सहस्त्रं बहुगुणसमूहं वेधितुं कर्तुं शीलस्यम् इति । ' विध विधाने '

As it possess many properties, is able to cure many diseases.

8. हिन्गु - हिनोति शीघ्रं गच्छति नासा ।

It easily spreads to nose because of its pungent smell.

SECTION – II

v LATIN NAME

v FAMILY / KULA

v GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY

v BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

v HABITAT

v VARIETIES

v CONTROVERSIAL STATUS

LATIN NAME

Latin Name - Ferula Asafoetida

Ferula – Giant funnel (pliny named this plant)

Asafoetida – Foul smell

FAMILY / कुल

Family – Umbellifereae

Umbel - bearing flowers with stalks nearly equal in length, spring from common centre.

कुल - शतपुष्प कुल

Ref. - Deshpande

GENERAL CHARACTERS AND DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY

GENERAL CHARACTERS:

Stem: 1.5 – 2.4 m

Leaves: pubescent when young, lower leaves 30-60 cm, secondary & tertiary pinnate decurrently, entire or very irregularly crenate – serrate

Flowers: in terminal umbel; ovary glabro

Fruit: 8 x 5 mm, carpel

DISTRIBUTION:

Afghanistan, Baltistan, wild in Punjab, Kashmir, Iran

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

A herbaceous perennial with fleshy, massive forks, stems 1.8 – 3.0 metre high, solid, clothed with membranous leaf sheaths.

Leaves radical, 45 cm long, shiny, coriaceous with pinnatifid segments and channeled petiole.

Flowers 10 – 20 in the main and 5 – 6 in the partial umbels.

Fruits flat, thin, reddish brown.

HABITAT

It is mainly found in Afghanistan, Baltistan etc.

In the regions of Iran, Turkey, Punjab and Peshawar these are grown mainly.

VARIETIES

White & Black. The white one is called as Hirahing as it is white crystalline with pleasant smell & is medicinally the best. Black one has a fragrant smell.

But in the classical references, there is no more availability about the varieties. We find the following species being used along with F. foetida.

F. jaesch – keana vatke

F. thomsoni – C B Clarke

F. galbaniflua – Bhuse

F. sumbul – Hook F.

F. suaveolens – Ait & Hem

F. persica – willd

F. szowitziana – D. cete

CONTROVERSIAL STATUS

Bapalalji is of the opinion that Hingupatri & Vamsapatri (Baspika) are synonyms acc^to some commentators. But Bhavamisra consider both as separate plants.

Hingupatri is considered by many as Nadi Hingu i.e. Gardenia gummifera Linn. The author is also of the same opinion to conclude that ‘Hingupatri’ may not have any relation with Hingu as is the case with ‘Nimba niryasa’ which is famous as ‘Hinguniryasa’

SECTION – III

v MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS

v CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS

· Macroscopic Characters

Rounded, flattened or masses of agglutinated tears, greyish-white to dull yellow, mostly 12-25 mm in diameter, freshly exposed surface, yellowish and translucent or milky white, opaque, slowly becoming pink, red, finally reddish brown, odour, strong, characteristic and persistent, taste, bitter and acrid.

· Microscopic Characters are not discovered yet because of sample are inorganic in nature…

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION

Gum --

– a pinene, phellandrene, butyl propyl disulphide, a trisulphide, asaresinotannol, farnesiferol A, gummosin, kamolonol, mogoltadone, pdyanthinin, polyanthin, undecylfsulfonyl, acetic acid, umbelliferone

Root --

– foetidin, luteolin

Whole plant --

– assafoetidin, ferocolicin

SECTION – IV

v PROPERTIES

v ACTION

v USES

v USEFUL PARTS

v DOSES

v SYSTEMIC ACTION

v FORMULATIONS OF DRUG

v USES OF FORMULATIONS

PROPERTIES

	धन्वन्तरि निघन्टु	प्रिय निघन्टु	राज निघन्टु	निघन्टु आदर्श	कैयदेव निघन्टु
रस	कटु	कटु	कटु	कटु	कटु, तिक्त
गुण	-	दीपन	-	-	लघु, दीपन, पाचन
वीर्य	उष्ण	अतिउष्ण	उष्ण	उष्ण	उष्ण
विपाक	-	कटु	-	कटु	कटु

ACTIONS

	धन्वन्तरि निघन्टु	मदनपाल निघन्टु	प्रिय निघन्टु	राज निघन्टु	भावप्रकाश निघन्टु	कैयदेव निघन्टु
ह्रुध्य	P
सारक	P
नेत्र्य				P
दीपन			P		P	P
पाचन		P			P	P
रुचिकर	P
वातशामक	P			P
कफशामक	P		P	P
क्रुमिघ्न	P			P	P
पित्तवर्धक			P

USES

	धन्वन्तरि निघन्टु	मदनपाल निघन्टु	प्रिय निघन्टु	राज निघन्टु	भावप्रकाश निघन्टु	कैयदेव निघन्टु
गुल्म	P	P		P		P
आध्मान	P		P	P
विबंध	P			P
हदयविकार	P					P
आनाह						P
अग्निमांध्य						P
कास						P
श्वास						P
उदर रोग		P				P
गर्भाशयसंकोचक					P
शूल	P	P	P	P		P
क्रुमि		P			P	P

USEFUL PARTS

[निर्यास] Gum-Resin

DOSES

चूर्ण – 125 to 500 mg

SYSTEMIC ACTION

Nervous System :

It is stimulus, analgesic, sangya-sthapak & anti-convulsant by its ushna veerya. It is useful in paralysis, facial palsy, torticollis, sciatica & epilepsy.

Digestive System :

Stimulates appetite, digestive & improves taste because of pungent & ushna property. Snigdha & tikshna guna helps to improve peristalsis, relieves colicy pain & intestinal worms. It is useful in loss of appetite, flatulence, tumor, pain, constipation & intestinal parasites. Roasted hingu should be used for treating digestive disorders. It is given at the beginning of the meal in hypo gastric pain & at the middle of the meal in epigastric (saman vayu) conditions. Thin paste of hingu is applied on abdomen in flatulence in infants and middle aged patients.

Circulatory System :

Cardiac stimulant in vataja, cardiac disorders, pericardial effusion, cardiac pain – karpura-hingu vati is very useful in such conditions.

Respiratory System :

Being tiksna, antibacterial & kapha-vata hara, it is useful in asthma, cough, pneumonia, chronic cough, karpur-hingu vati, or raw hingu is used in respiratory conditions.

Urinary System :

In kaphavataj dysuria, it acts as diuretic. Hingu is excreted through urine, therefore useful in vataj dysuria & urinary bladder pain.

Reproductive System :

It is an aphrodisiac by its usna & tiksna property. Therefore it is useful in impotency. Helps ovulation. It helps to clean the uterus in postpartum conditions.

FORMULATIONS OF DRUG

· हिंग्वाष्टक चूर्ण

· रजः प्रवर्तिनि वटी

· हिंगुत्रिगुण तैल

· हिंग्वादि गुटिका

· हिंगूग्रगंधादि चूर्ण

· हिंग्वादि तैल

· हिंग्वादि चूर्ण

USES OF FORMULATIONS

1. Malarial Fever :

Qurtan fever is checked by snuffing Hingu mixed with old ghee.

2. Gulma :

Hingu is the chief ingredient in the following formulations –

(i) Hingvadi churna & gutika

(ii) Hingutriguna taila

3. Colic :

Decoction of sunthi, eranda & barley added with hingu & pushkaramula or hingu & sauvarchala relieves colic.

4. Insasity :

(i) Ghee cooked with hingu, hinguparni, haritaki & brahmi or with brahmi, hingu & coraka is useful.

(ii) Hingvadya ghruta.

5. Alcoholism :

Sauvarchala mixed with hingu & maricha should be given with wine & sour gruel till the patient regains consciousness.

6. Caries :

In dental caries, slightly, hated hingu should be kept.

7. Earache :

(i) Hingu is the chief ingredient in hingvadi taila.

(ii) Mustered oil cooked with hingu, tumburu & sunthi should be filled in the ears in case of earache & tinnitus.

8. Udavarta :

Hingu-ugragandhadi churna contains hingu as the chief ingredient.

9. Vatavyadhi :

Hingu is the chief ingredient in hingvadi gutika.

SECTION – V

v COLLECTION & STORAGE OF DRUG

v SUBSTITUENTS & ADULTERANTS

COLLECTION & STORAGE OF DRUG

1. In summer the bark of a tree is scraped by a sharp knife just above the roots. Latex from this is collected after 1 to 2 days. Latex can be collected from the same site after first collection. This process is repeated several times. Once the latex is exhausted, further latex is not obtained from the same plant. The latex is preserved carefully.

2. In the second method, the trunk is cut horizontally & the latex is collected after accumulation. The same process is repeated till all latex from the tree gets exhausted. Hingu is useful in deciding the purity of kasturi.

SUBSTITUENTS & ADULTERANTS

· Merchants mix pebbles, mud, leaves & gum acacia as adulterants which collects at the bottom of the water if dissolved in it. Pure hingu burns well on fire.

SECTION – VI

v RESEARCHES

v REFERENCE

v BIBLIOGRAPHY

RESEARCHES

1. On the basis of in vitro studies, role of F. asafetida in the alimentary tract has been inferred to be that of altering the proportion of hydrogen to CO₂ formed by the gas-producing micro-organisms in the intestines rather than that of aiding the digestive process.

2. Asafetida produce slight inhibition of stap. Aureus and shigella sonnei.

3. Lutcolin inhibited proliferation of human carcinoma of larynx (hep-2) and sarcoma-180 cells and the inhibitory concentration of 21 microgram/ml was close to that of the anti-cancer drug plumbagin.

4. Essential oil showed significant protective actions against fat-induced increase in plasma fibrinogen & decrease in co-agulation time and fibrinolytic activity on alimentary hyperlipaemia. Serum cholesterol was also slightly lowered.

5. Lutcolin exhibited anti-polio virus activity which was comparable to that of ascorbate-stabilised querectin.

6. Luteolin & its 7 glucoside showed anti-inflamatory activity against dextran & yeast –induced rat paw oedema & cotton pellet inflammation. They also showed anti-ulcer acticity against reserpine & phenylbutazone –induced ulcers.

7. The acuteness of the sense of hearing is diminished by continued ingestion of asafetida.

8. It exerted a distinct sedative effect as determined with rat as the experimental animal.

REFERENCES

सहस्रवेधि जतुकं बाह्लिकं हिन्गु रामठम् ।

हिन्गूष्णं पाचनं रुच्यं तीक्ष्णं वातवलास्रुहत् ॥

शूलगुल्मोदरानाहक्रुमिघ्नं पित्तवर्धनं ।

स्त्रीपुष्पजननं बल्यं मूर्च्छापस्मारह्त् परम् ॥

- भावप्रकाश

हिन्ग्वत्युग्ररसं स्यादत्युग्रं रामठं च शतवेधि ।

बाह्लिकं जन्तुघ्नं रक्षोध्नं सूपधूपनं जरणं ॥

उग्रं जतुरसं बस्तिसिंहीकं बाह्लीकोद्भवम् ।

निगूढं गन्धं सूपेष्टं निर्यास श्रेष्ठमित्यापि ॥

-अमरकोश

हिन्गूग्रगन्धं भूतरिर्बाह्लीकं जन्तुनाशनम् ।

शूल्गुल्मादिरक्षोघ्नम्ग्रवीर्य च रामठम् ॥

अगूढगन्धं जरणं भेदनं सूपधूपनम् ।

दीप्तं सहस्रवेधीति ज्ञेयं पंचदशाभिधम् ॥

- राजनिघन्टु

लघूष्णं पाचनं हिन्गु दीपनं कफवातजित ।

कटुस्निग्धं सरं तीक्ष्णं शूलाजीर्णविबन्धनुत् ॥

- सुश्रुत संहिता

हिन्गूष्णं कटुकं ह्र्धं सरं वातकफौ क्रुमीन् ।

हन्ति गुल्मोदराध्मान बन्धशूलह्रदामयान् ॥

- धन्वन्तरि निघन्टु

ह्र्धं हिन्गु कटूष्णं च क्रुमिवातकफापहम् ।

विबन्ध आनाहशूलघ्नं चक्षूष्यं गुल्मनाशनं ॥

- चरकसंहिता

हिन्गूष्णं तिक्तकटूकं रसे पाके च दीपनम् ।

लघु वातकफानाहशूलगुल्माग्निमांध्यजीत् ॥

पाचनं क्रुमिह्रद्रोगकासश्वासोदरार्त्तिनुत् ।

- कैयदेव निघन्टु

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1) Charaka Samhita – By Brahmanand Tripathi.

2) Nighantu Adarsha – Shri. Bapalal Vaidya

3) Kaiyadeva Nighantu – Pathyapathya vibodhak, Sampadaka Acharya Priyavat Sharma

4) Sampadaka – Priyavat Sharma

5) Bhavaprakash Nighantu – Bhavaprakash with Vidhyotini commt. By Bhishgratna.

6) Dhanvantari Nighantu – Zarkahanda oza

7) Bhaishajya Ratnavali – Shri. Ambikadatta Shashtri.

8) Raj Nighantu – Indradeva Tripathi

9) Indian Medical Plant – K. R. Kirtikar, B.D. Basu

10) Indian Materia Medica – Dr. K. M. Nadakarni, Vol. 1

11) Priya Nighantu – Acharya Priyavat Sharma

12) Dravya guna Vignana – Dr. JLN Shashtri

13) Vanoushadhi chandrodaya - Prof. Ramsushil Sinha.

14) Astanga Sangraha – Shri. Vagbhata

15) Amarkosha – Notes of Harigovinda Shatri

16) Chakradatta – Shri. Chakrapani & Bharathas andipini

17) Shabdakalpadrum – Narahari Pandit

Ayurvedic medicines

Sunday, January 9, 2011

Some important Drugs 2. HINGU (Ferula Asafoetida)