Some important Drugs 4.SINSAPA (DALBERGIA SISOO)

Compilation Work on SINSIPA

INTRODUCTION TO AYURVEDA

                    Ayurveda is most ancient medical faculty which is brought from Brahma is not mere the myths of successful treatment, but a well experienced science of life. This science is standing on the shoulders of the three skandhas or pillars i.e. Hetu, Linga & Aushadha

          The main aim of ayurveda is :

That means to protect the health of a healthy person and to cure a diseased person’s disease. Ayurveda believes in the theme that human is made of only tridosha, sapta dhatu & trimalas. In these three entities, Tridosha is considered as health & while disturbance in that balance called as ill-health. Here comes the importance of drug to cure the individual  with ill-health.

          The story of drug back to the prehistoric days, our many aushadhis so many years ago based partly on observation of effect on drug; partly on human trial & error method is also then is much more explanation in Rigveda & Atharvanaveda. On this long tradition & accumulated wisdom the ancient sage on concentrated efforts put forth the regional explanation of drugs. Its qualities, gustatory effects (rasa), potency (veerya) etc.

          Now the questions arise that now these herbs can cure the diseases of human body.

          Then this can be answered as the common between the animal kingdom, human being & plant kingdom is that the both are sendriya & pancha-bhautika in composition.

          And by the theory the samanya & vishesha siddhanta. As our scholars have told that

This whole philosophy and science of DG present in our literature; which is divided into the three points.

1.    Ancient period –

In this period vedic nighantu vedant, intial form of Dhanvantari nighantu, Rasavaisheshik, the oldest extant of DG is the gift of this period.

2.    Medieval period –

In this period Ashtang nighantu, Paryaya-ratnamala last part of Dhanvantari nighantu etc works were completed.

3.    Modern period –

In this period gives as the work like bhavprakash nighantu, raj nighantu, shaligram nighantu etc.

          After nighantus many modern scholars like P V Sharma, Y T Acharya had also done eminent work. In ayurveda already told that,

          The all dravyas in this whole world are considered as Aushadhi. Now the drug which is the subject of mine is botanically identified as Ferula Narthex from family Umbellifereae. It is most important & effective Doshaghna drug indicatedin krimi, aartava dosa, murcha, apasmara, shoola, gulma, agni-mandya etc.

          So, there is sufficient information of this drug available into the Samhita and nighantus and in modern books also.

           So, I have tried my level best to compile the most of the information whatever it is available.

 

INTRODUCTION TO DRAVYAGUNA

v Characteristics of Dravyaguna Shasta :-

The first mentioning of Dravyaguna is traceable from the description of Charaka who identified Ayurveda as the science which deals with the dravyas, gunas & karmas of helpful & harmful materials.

          Dravyaguna Shastra has been identified as separate specialty by Narhari the author of Raj Nighantu. Actually Acharya P V Sharma defined Dravyaguna Shastra as the branch which deals with the properties, action & therapeutic effects of various dravyas.

v Seven constituents of Dravya :-

Bhavamishra quoted about the five constituents of Dravyas viz Rasa, Virya, Vipaka, Guna & Prabhava adding Dravya & Karma to the above. Y T Acharya mentioned that sapta padarthas. Dravyaguna Shastra mainly deals with these seven aspects under the fundamental principles.

1.    Dravya.

The substance which possess guna & karma with inherent relation in it is known as Dravya.

2.    Rasa.

The property which is perceived through the taste-buds is known as Rasa. Ayurveda accepted six tastes viz Madhura, Amla, Lavana, Katu, Tikta, Kashaya.

3.    Guna.

It is a property which will have inherent relation with the dravya but remain inactive that means it cannot perform any activity of its own without the help of other ingredients. It also acts as non-inherent reason for a given therapeutic effect eg. Snigdha, Sheeta, Tiksna etc.

4.    Virya.

It is the property by which the drug produces the therapeutics control of virya eg. Sheeta virya & Usna virya.

5.    Vipaka.

It is a property of drug which is responsible for change in the original taste etc on exposure to GIT enzymes which is responsible for the drug inside the body.

6.    Prabhava.

When the drug produces a result which is not in accordance with the constituents viz rasa, guna, virya, vipaka then it is denoted as Prabhava or shakti eg. Shirisha acting as vishanghna; Pushakaramula acting as Hridya etc.

7.    Karma.

The inseperable reasons for the association & dissociation of a drug in exhibiting it is pharmacological action is known as karma & it is independent eg. Deepana, Paachana.

 

INTRODUCTION TO SINSIPA

                   The wood earns high marks for beat with a heart . wood that is dark-brown & sometimes purple with bold dark . streaks show the termination growth mark yet. The wood has uniform fexture , rose wood is so named for the mango of roses the cut wood produces when first cut. It has no taste and order  when the material is sensoned. 

Ref. -- J L N Shastry   

NIRUKTI OF DRUG

शिंशया :-

 शिघ्र शिर्य  याति इति  |

On administration of drug immediately protects the head from diseases.

 

BOTANICAL CLASSIFICATION

Kingdom                                –                          Plantae

Class                                        –                          Magnoliopsida  Division                                   –                          Magnoliopsida

Genus                                      –                          Dalbergia

Species                                    –                          D.Sisoo

Order                                    –                             Fabales

Family                                    –                          Fabacea 

Sub- Family                           –                           Faboidea

                                                                   [Ref. :- D.M.P. II ]

 

VERNACULAR NAMES

Sanskrit                                   –                          Sinsipa
Hindi                                      –                          Sisam
English                                    –                          Sissoo
Gujarati                                   –                          Sisam
Marathi                                    –                          Sissu
Telugu                                    –                          Errasissa
Tamil                                       –                          Sisu
Malayalam                               –                         Irupul
Arabian                                  –                           Sasam

गण OR वर्ग

1.     According to  K.N.  :-  औषाधि वर्ग

        2.  According to   R.N. :- प्रभरुदि वर्ग

    3. According to   D.N. :-  आम्रादि पश्चमो वर्ग

        4.  According to  P.N.  :-   हरितवयादि  वर्ग

        5.  According to  B.P.   :- वटादि  वर्ग

        6.  According to   C.S.  :-  कषाय स्कन्ध

        7. According to   S.S.   :-  साल सरादि

SYNONYMS

	K.N.	B.N.	D.N.	P.N.	M.N.
पिच्छिला	P	P
क्रुष्ण सारा	P	P	P	P	P
मण्डल पश्चिका	P				P
महाश्यामा	P		P
अंगरसारा
कपिला	P	P	P		P
नुरनसारिका	P
शिंशपा			P	P	P
द्रढदारु				P
कुशिंशपा			P		P
भस्मगर्भा		P	P
वसाढवी			P
श्याम		P
अंगुरु			P

UTILITY OF SYNONYMS

1)   अगुरु  :-

न गुरु अस्मात इति  |

It’s wood is very hard.

                    

2)  क्रुष्णासार :-

     क्रुष्ण वर्णं सारमस्त्यस्य ।

It’s internal portion of wood is black in colour.

3) पिच्छिल :-

    

          पिच्छअॅस्तस्या ।

          It has some unctuous material.

4) शिंशिपा :-

            शिघ्र सिर्षं वा याति इति ।

        On administration it immediately protects the head of                                         

          disease.

SECTION – II

v LATIN NAME

v FAMILY / KULA

v BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

v HABITAT

v VARIETIES

 

 

 

 

 

LATIN NAME

                  

Latin Name – Dalbegia sissoo

                                                                [Ref. B.P.N.]

                    

FAMILY / कुल

Family – fabaceae

          .

कुल - शिंबि कुल

[Ref. – B.P.N.]

BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

The tree grows to 15-20  meters . it’s synonyms like krishnasara & shyamala are suggestive  of it’s  appearance. It is also known as shisham , shishu , sisam, rose wood, etc..

     Alarge evergreen tree , brenches drooping liques pale green. Imparipimote ,3 to 5 foliolate ,leaflets alternate, broadeyouate , cuneute, adminate, entire, flowers, sessile or sub sessile yellow, white In short axillary paniaes pods long stalked thin glabrous strap shaped 3.7-10 cm long. Seeds 2-4 …..

                                                                                    [Ref: D.M.P.] 

 

 

 

HABITAT

                   Moist tropics and sub tropics to 1000 meters. Growth is most specific in tropical & sub tropical climates, particularly in areas where there is considerable soil moisture (but not water logged soils) in the north territory (Australia) it grows mostly along water courses , sometimes spreading in to the drier forests & planes (Edwards ,1998:p106)

                                                                                                [Ref : R.A.]

 

VARIETIES

1)   Krishna sara

2)   Kapil sara

3)   Black

4)   Yellow

5)   White

 

 

 

 

 

 

SECTION – III

v  MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS

v  CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC CHARACTERS

1) Heart wood 

A)  Macroscopic :-   Drug consists of pieces of wood of variable lengths & widths, brown, very hard & strong , close  grained annual ring distinct rays fine pores uniformly distributed joined by way concentric bands  fractures hard and tough.

B)   Microscopic :-  Heart shows well developed xylem consisting of usual elements , vessels simple pitted solitary 2-3 in groups arranged in radial rings. Few contain reddish brown content. Parenchyma thick walled & parafabrical medullary rags 1-3 cells wide fibres abundant in numbers & present In groups. Alternating with the bands of xylem parenchyma.

 

 

2)   Stem bark

           Bark 3.5 cm long, flat fibrous. Cut pieces external.

   Surface rough with shallow broad longitudinal tissues. externally  irregular woody strips & scales

Pale yellow to dark reddish . fracture fibrous.

 

 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION

Ø  Methyl tectorigenein, isoflavone glycoside, 7-o- gentiobioside, iso caviunin, 7-0 glycoside, & caviunin

7-0 glycoside 2 % , 5,7,4, trihydroxy, 8- methoxy- isoflavone. Dalberginone, dalbergine, & iso bergine, 3,5,- di OH trans stilbene, dalbergic bromine , ally phenal of latifoline type dalbergiphenol, alon with dalberginone & nordalbergine,  3,5-di OH trans stilbene & biochanin bisaboline & nerodial, biolclanin, 5,4,- di hydroxyl iso flavones, 7 hydroxy- 4- methyl coymarin.

v Fixed oil, essential oil tannins & flavonoids.

[Ref.:- P.C.]

 

 

SECTION – IV

v PROPERTIES

v ACTION

 

 

 

PROPERTIES

NO.	रस	P.N.	K.N.	B.N.	M.N.
रस	कटु, तिक्त	P		P
वीर्य	उष्ण	P		P
विपाक	कटु			P
गुण	पिच्छिल,, गुरु, स्निग्ध	P	P	P

ACTIONS

ACTION	B.P.N.	K.N.	P.C.	D.N.	D.G.	D.M.P.
कुष्ठझ	P	P				P
क्रुमिझ						P
वर्गशोधन	P	P	P			P
चक्षुश्रय						P
रक्तस्तंभन						P
शोथहर		P		P		P
कफ़झ	P	P	P			P
दिपन						P
अनुलोमन						P
अर्धवजन						P
मुत्रला					P	P
मुत्रभगास्नेह					P	P
ज्वरझ						P
ढाकप्रशमन		P				P
लेखनबल्य						P
शामक				P		P
बलवर्धक				P		P
रुचिकारक				P		P
वातविकार	P	P	P			P
क्रुमि		P				P

SECTION – V

v COLLECTION & STORAGE OF THE DRUG

v CULTIVATION OF THE DRUG

v SUBSTITUENTS & ADULTRANTS

 

 

COLLECTION OF THE DRUG

Ø   The drug which is obtained from the are where best types of soil is available is only useful for internal administration. it should be free from pests., poison, weapon, severe sun light, high breeze, fire, excessive moisture, disease & road sides. It must have single predominant taste. Well developed strong deeply rooted In the soil such herb grown in the eastern side should be collected for all medicinal purposes.  

STORAGE OF THE DRUG

Ø  it should be stored in suitable place

CULTIVATION OF THE DRUG

Ø  It grows in sandy alluvial porous soil of sand. Pebbles & bridlers. It is also found in freshly exposed soil along roads & streams. It can grow on very poor soil. It prefer annual rain fall between 760 -   2500 mm. but able to with stand the short period of drougt in areas where it has been planted. The absolute maximum shade temporates veries from 39 degree C. to 49 C.  absolute minimum from 40 to 6 C. stage sowing is done in the nursing beds which are are mormally 40 cm . wide at the top & 25 cm high . the seeds are seaked I nwater for for 48 hours before sowing the beds are irrigated soon after sowing the beds are irrigated soon after sowing regular irrigation is necessary for germination & for good growth of seedings.

SUBSTITUENTS & ADULTRANTS

Ø Substituents :-

                       Dalbergia latifolia roxbi is an another species.

Ø Adultrants :- uses by the same name shinshapa.

SECTION – VI

v  RESEARCHES

v  USES

v  USEFUL PARTS

v  DOSAGE

v  SYSTEMIC ACTIONS

v  FORMULATION OF DRUG

v  REFERANCES

v  BIBLIOGRAPHY

v  REFERENCES – SHLOKA

RESEARCHES

Ø  Butshi [1957] recorded complete failure of sissoo plantation in taria region of up. Undetifiex toxins produced in the culture . filtoate we responsible for causing wilt.

Ø  The fungus grows over a wide range of pm but optionally at 46 ply. The ply of soil under sisoo trees at new forget between 6.3-7.8 bakshi etal [1959] report thet pH or sisoo tissues has no correlation with the H⁺ ion. Concentration of the soil in which the grow the pH of the  root of sisoo lies between 4.6-5.2. which is ideal for infection of the pathogen. However the plant tissue maintain an acidic pH in the range 4.6-3.2 even in highly all alkaline soil indication that the roots possess a high buffering capacity.

USES

Ø Useful in diarrohea & dysentry. The leaves are bitterbopthalmic, styptia, digestive, constipating, anthelmatic, diuretic & stimulant.

                                                                                                        [Ref:- D.M.P.]

Ø  Kustha, komi, daba, vrana, mutra sarkara, basti roga, tikka, prameha, arsa, jwara, gulma, ashmari, pneumonia, rakta nikara, dusta,

                                               

                                                               [Ref:- P.C.]

·       Fever :- wood sinsipa should be boiled in milk being double the quantity of water reduced to milk only. In take of this milk all eviates all types of fever.

·       Diarrohea:- decoction made of the crushed tender leaves of sinsapa & milk should be slimy enema in discharge of mucus , tenesmus, & prolapse of rectum.

·       Prameha:-  for vasameha , decoction of agni mantha is the specific remedy.

·       Eye disease:- juice of the tender leaves of sinsapa mixed with honey all eviates  sever types of eye caused by vatta, pitta, & kapha.

                                                              [Ref.: M.P. classical use]

USEFUL PARTS

Ø ROOTS

Ø LEAVES

Ø BARK

Ø BARK WOOD

                                                                   [Ref.:- D.M.P.II]

Ø Heart wood

Ø Leaves

                                                     [ Ref.: M.P. classical uses]

DOSAGE

Ø DECOCTION OF LEAVES – 12 TO 24 ML.

Ø POWDER :- 3 TO 6 GMS.

Ø MALA-MUTRA :- UTERUS, BASTIGAMI.

                                                               [Ref.:- D.M.P.-II]

Ø 1.5 TO 10 GM. OF DRUG IN POWDER FORM.

Ø 10-20 GM. FOR DECOCTION.

                                                                        [ Ref.:- P.C.]

Ø DECOCTION :- 50- 100 ML.

                                                                   [Ref.;- M.P.Classical]

                                                    

\SYSTEMIC ACTIONS

Ø  Urinary system :- Basti roga

Ø क्षेपकर्म :- It is त्रिदोषहर

Ø संस्थानिक कर्म :- It is कुष्ठन & व्रणशोधन leaves are             (externally) used in ege & रक्तस्तंभन 

Ø Internally [अभ्यंतर ] :- नाडिबल्य

Ø पाचनसन्स्थान :-root - स्तंभन

                      leaves -  दिपन, अनुलोमन, स्तंभ, कुष्ठघ्न.

Ø रक्तवह संस्थान:- रक्त शोधन [ blood puritive] in oedema.

Ø स्वसन संस्थान:- in cough

Ø प्रजनन संस्थान :-

Ø तापक्रम :- it cures the fever & thirst.

Ø समीकरण :- gives the strength.

Ø मुत्रवह संस्थान :- basti roga.

FORMULATION OF DRUG

SINSAPA SARA JANYA TAILAM

Ø AYASKRITI SHALASARADI LEHA

Ø NARSIMHA GHRITA

                                                          [ Ref.:- D.M.P.-II]

REFERANCES

1)   According to K.N. :-

शिंशया पिच्छिला  क्रुष्ण्सारा  मण्डल पत्रिका ।

महाशया मांगारसारा कपिला  गुरु सारिका ।

अन्य कुशिंशिपा  भस्मपिंगला वरसादनी ।

शिंशिपा  कदका  तिक्ता  कषाय गर्भपातनी ।

उष्ण विर्या हरेन मेदः कफ़दाह वमिवगान ।

शोष कुष्ठ मिश्वित बस्ति रुकचि नसानची  ।

2)   According to B.P.N.

शिंशिपा  पिच्छिला  श्यामा  क्रुष्णसार च सा गुरु ।

                 कपिल सैव मुनिभि भैस्म नर्भति किर्तितः ।।

3)   According to D.N.

       शिंशिप युगलं वर्ण्यं हितका  क्षोकौ विसर्जयेत ।

           पित्तदाह प्रशमनं बल्यं रुचिकरं परम ।।

4)   According to S.N.

   

              शिंशिपा  ढद्रु शोक ध्रुक कुष्ठजिर्णं ज्वरापहाः ।।

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)        Charaka Samhita – By Brahmanand Tripathi.

2)        Nighantu Adarsha – Shri. Bapalal Vaidya

3)        Kaiyadeva Nighantu – Pathyapathya vibodhak, Sampadaka Acharya Priyavat Sharma

4)        Sampadaka – Priyavat Sharma

5)        Bhavaprakash Nighantu – Bhavaprakash with Vidhyotini commt. By Bhishgratna.

6)        Dhanvantari Nighantu – Zarkahanda oza

7)        Bhaishajya Ratnavali – Shri. Ambikadatta Shashtri.

8)        Raj Nighantu – Indradeva Tripathi

9)        Indian Medical Plant – K. R. Kirtikar, B.D. Basu

10)    Indian Materia Medica – Dr. K. M. Nadakarni, Vol. 1

11)   Priya Nighantu – Acharya Priyavat Sharma

12)   Dravya guna Vignana – Dr. JLN Shashtri

13)   Vanoushadhi chandrodaya - Prof. Ramsushil Sinha.

14)   Yoga Ratnakara –

15)   Astanga Sangraha – Shri. Vagbhata

16)   Amarkosha – Notes of Harigovinda Shatri

17)   Chakradatta – Shri. Chakrapani & Bharathas andipini

18)   Shabdakalpadrum – Narahari Pandit

19)    Forensic medicine and toxicology by narayan reddy.

Thank you