Some important Drugs 2.SHAL (Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.)

INTRODUCTION

     

AAyurveda provides rational means for the treatment of many diseases, which are cConsidered to the obstinate and incurable in other system of medicine. SiSimultaneously in lays a great deal of emphasis upon the maintaince of positive health of an individual thus aim at both the prevention and cure of diseases.

     In ayurveda chikitsa of the many diseases is mentioned and prevention of disease by the sadvritta and swasthavritta is also mentioned.

     Dravyaguna is the basic subject of ayurveda though no enumerated in astanga ayurveda. Dravyaguna may be called as the material medica of the ayurveda which includes pharmacology, pharmacotherapeutics and pharmacognosy. The subject was taught in guru-sishya parampara, totally in guru-sishya practical one and hence it was not discussed as separate subject in the pre-historic age.

     There are lots of difference of opinion regarding identification, properties, Guna, and karma of each drug. This was necessity for type of work called compilation to be done in drugs to bring the various methods of administration, preparation and other information to a common platform and as for the second phase a compilation work is a part of syllabus, this is the compilation work on the Shal.  

IMPORTANCE OF DRUG

  

     The description of sala is traceable from kousika sutra and patanjala mahabhasaya where in it is quoted that the crystal its resin (sala Mani) should worn by the baby during naming ceremony. It is extensively used in the classical literature in the management of kustha (skin disease) & prameha (diabetes). The resin is also used in bleeding piles (rakta arshas) & dysentery (rakta atisara).

     The laghutrayi texts & other Nighantus also described it elaborately.

Nirukti

Historical review

1.   Ancient period:

Almost all ancient Acharyas of Ayurveda have referred this drugs for its multiple Benefits the therapeutics.

       The references are also available in:                                                                              Samhita:

                                                             i.      Charaka samhita

                                                          ii.      Sushruta samhita

                                                       iii.      Astanga Hridaya

Nighantu:

  Nighantu is based on the term nighantu. These are glossaries containing synonyms of substance.

                                                       i.            Dhanvantri nighantu

                                                    ii.            Priya nighantu

                                                 iii.            Kaideva nighantu

                                                 iv.            Raj nighantu

                                                    v.            Bhava prakash nighantu

                                                 vi.            Madanpal nighantu

                 vii      Nighantu adarsha                                                                                   Other references:

1.    Indian medicinal plants

2.    Indian material media

3.    Bhaishjya Ratnavali

4.    Classical uses of Medicinal plants

GANA / VARGA

	C.S.	R.N.	S.S.	A.S.	A.H.	D.N.	K.N.	B.P.N.
Vedanasthapan	+	-	-	+	-	-	-	-
Kashayskandha	+	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Salasaradi	-	-	+	­­ -	-	-	-	-
Rodhradi	-	-	+	+	+	-	-	-
Aasanadi	-	-	-	+	+	-	-	-
Chandanadi	-	+	-	-	-	+	-	+
Oushadhi	-	-	-	-	-	-	+	-
Vatadi	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-

VERNACULAR NAMES

Bengali      :        Sakher

English      :       Indian Dammer

Gujarati     :       Ral

Hindi        :       Sakhu

Tamil        :       Kungilium/Salam

Nepal         :       Sakab

Telugu       :        Jalari Chettu

Sanskrit     :        Sarja

Uria            :        Salv

Kan            :        Kabba

Mal            :        Salvrksham

                              

                                   

                                               Ref- IMP

SYNONYMS

SYNONYMS	M.N	P.N.	D.N.	R.N.	B.P.N.	K.N.
Shal	+	-	+	+	+	+
Sarjarasa	+	-	+	+	-	+
Sarja	+	-	-	-	+	+
Shrikrishnari	+	-	-	-	-	-
Patrka	+	+	-	-	-	-
Salsar	-	-	-	-	-	-
Kshana	-	-	+	-	-	-
Kalkalodbhava	-	-	+	+	-	-
Alan	-	-	+	+	-	-
Shalniryas	-	-	+	+	-	-
Yaksha dhop	-	-	+	+	-	-
Agni vallap	-	-	+	+	-	-
Ral	-	-	-	+	-	-
Devasta	-	-	-	+	-	-
Shital	-	-	-	+	-	-
Bhaurup	-	-	-	+	-	-
Shalras	-	-	-	+	-	-
Sarjaniryas	-	-	-	+	-	-
Surabhi	-	-	-	+	-	-
Surdhup	-	-	-	+	-	-
Kalal	-	-	-	+	-	-
Ajakarna	-	-	-	-	+	-
Kanta	-	-	-	-	-	+
Marich patrak	-	-	-	-	-	+
Sakrdu	-	-	-	-	-	+
Shrikas	-	-	-	-	-	+
Dipvriksha	-	-	-	-	-	+
Snigdhdaru	-	-	-	-	-	+
Kantabhura	-	-	-	-	-	+
Kalyan	-	-	-	-	-	+

SECTION II

v LATIN NAME

v KULA & FAMILY

v GENERALCHARECTERISTICS & DISTRIBUTION OF FAMILY

v BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

v HABITATE

v VARIETY

v CONTRAVERSIAL STATUS

LATIN NAME

     Shorea robusta Gaertn.f.

KULA & FAMILY

Kula:-

 Shal.

Family: 

Dipterocarpaceae.

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF FAMILY

             DIPTEROCARPACEAE

Lofty resinous tree leaves coriaceous, entire or sinuate dentate stipules large valvate enclosing the terminal bud, afterwords caduacous, leaving an annular scar. Flowers large, few in axillary racemose, white or reddish calyx smooth, or variously ribbed or winged, or transversally lamellate, tube free, lobes slightly imbricate when young, afterwards open or subvalvate unequal. Stamens indefinite anthers linear, connective acuminate ovary three-celled, ovules 2 in each cell, style filiform. Fruit nut like and seeded, Woody indehiscent, free, and enclosed in the enlarged calyx two lobes are produced into long wings. Seed adnate to the base of the pericarp, cotyledons very large and fleshy, unequal, radicle inconspicuous species-70.

   

                                 Ref- I.M.P.

Botanical Description

         

    A deciduous tree, seldom quite leaflet, bark-dark brown, smooth or a few longitudinal cracks.

Ø Leaves:-10-30 by 5-18cms, ovate oblong acuminate though, thinly coriaceous, glabrous and shining when mature, base cordate or rounded, lateral nerves 12-15 pairs.

Ø Petioles-1-2 to 2cms in long.

Ø Stipules:-7.5mm long, pubescent, deciduous.

Ø Flowers:-1.2cm long, yellowish, in terminal & axillary racemose panicles 7.5-23cms long branches grey-tomentose.

Ø Calyx tube:-Short not enlarged in fruit, adnate to the torus lobe 2.5mm long, grey tomentose outside, ovate, accrescent in fruit.

Ø Petals:-Narrow, oblong, lanceolate, silky-tomentose outside.

Ø Stamen:-Up to 50 shorter than the petals. Connectives subulate bearded appendages minutely 3 fit at the apex.

Ø Ovary:-3 celled style subulate.

Ø Fruit :-1.2cm long ,ovoid ,acute ,indehiscent pubescent ,wing of the filling calyx somewhat unequal ,oblong or spathulate 5-7.5 long , obtuse ,10-15 longitudinal nerves joined by numerous straight or oblique veins.

Ref-I.M.P.

HABITAT

          It is common in Sub-Himalayan region and the forest of Western Bengal.

Ref-IMM

Variety

	B.P.N.	R.N.	J.L.N.
Sarjak	+	-	+
Sarjavrtta	+	-	-
Ashwakarna	-	-	+
Ajakarn	-	-	+

CONTRAVERSICAL STATUS

·       Shal is a very good timber and every year these trees are cut for timber. Merchants who cut this timber have no use of the bark and so the poor people take away the bark and fuel, is sold off to druggist export this bark, as genuine ashoka bark is rest of India.

·       Most of our bazaar drugs are either adulterated, substandard or sparious. This is the deplorable state of affairs and it should be remedied as early as possible if ayurveda is to be rejuvenated.

·       For quite sometime there was confusion among the practitioners regarding identity of shal, sarja and asvakarna. Charaka mentioned shal, sarja, asvakarna and ajakarna under kashaya skanda. Both charaka and sushruta quoted its resin as sarjarasa. The synonyms shal niryas is used in D.Ni. and R.Ni. In D.Ni. Two verities viz., shal and sarja are described. Bhavamishra quoted shal and sarja to asvakarna and ajakarna resp.

 

SECTION III

v CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION

v PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

Chemical composition

Bark contain tannin 7-12% which is obtained after boiling in water.

Tree trunk exudes oleo –gum resin commonly known as Ral.

Ref-I.M.M.

PHRMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

·       The non-phenolic portion of the Chua-oil is reported to have a depressing effect on C.N.S. while the phenolic portion is less effective.

·       An herbal cream (herbinol) consisting of shorea robusta is reported to be bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic.

Ref.D.B.

 

SECTION IV

v PROPERTIES

v ACTIONS

v USES

v SROTOGAMITVA

v USEFUL PARTS

v DOSES

v ANUPAN

v VISHISTHA YOGAS

PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES	D.N.	M.N.	R.N.	K.N.	B.P.N.	P.N.
Rasa	Madhura Kashaya	-	Kashaya Tikta	Kashaya	Kashaya Katu Tikta	kashaya
Guna	Stambhan Vrnaropan	Shital Vishagna	Shital Snigdha	Grahi Shital Vrnaropan	Ushna	-
Virya	Ushna	-	Sheeta	-	-	Sheeta
Vipaka	-	-	-	-	-	-
Doshaghnata	-	Kapha	Vata Pitta	Kapha Rakta	Kapha	Pitta Kapha Rakta

ACTIONs

ACTIONS	N.A.	D.N.	M.N.	R.N.	K.N.	B.P.N.	P.N.
Kriminashaka	-	+	-	-	-	+	+
Stambhaka	-	+	+	-	-	-	+
Vrnaropaka	+	+	-	-	-	-	-
Bhagna	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Sandhankarak	+	+	-	-	-	-	-
Vedanashamak	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Swdonashak	-	-	-	-	-	+	-
Bandhanashak	-	-	-	-	-	+	-
Kandugna	-	-	-	+	-	-	-
Rakshagna	-	-	-	-	-	-	+
Grahi	+	-	-	-	+	-	-
Dahashamak	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Medonashak	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Vrnashak	+	-	-	+	+	+	-
Vishanashak	+	-	-	+	+	+	-
Raktavikara	+	-	-	-	+	-	-
Kaphnashak	-	-	-	+	+	+	+
Raktasangrah	+	-	-	-	-	-	-

USES

USES	N.A.	D.N.	M.N	R.N.	K.N.	B.P.N	P.N.
Vipadika	+	+	-	-	-	-	-
Charma roga	-	-	-	-	+	-	-
Vidradhi	-	-	-	-	-	+	+
Yoni roga	-	-	-	-	-	+	+
Karma roga	+	-	-	-	-	+	-
Prameha	+	-	-	-	-	+	-
Kusta	+	-	-	-	-	+	-
Pandu	+	-	-	-	-	+	-
Atisara	+	-	-	-	-	-	+
Sweta pradara	-	-	-	-	-	-	+
Visphota	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Grahani	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Visarpa	+	-	-	-	-	-	-
Jvara	+	-	-	-	-	-	-

SROTOGAMITVA

Ø DOSHA-

Vata, tridoshanashaka.

Ø DHATU-

Rasa, mamsa, meda, shukra.

Ø MALA-

Purisha, worms.

Ø ORGANS-

 Heart, stomach (diseases originating in stomach, like vomiting).

Ø PRABHAVA-

Anti toxic, anti inflammatory.

Ref- V.M.Gogate

Useful Parts

ü BARK

ü NIRYAS [RESIN]

ü FRUIT

ü  LEAVES.

DOSES

ü DECOCTION OF BARK:

                                2.5 tola - 5 tola.

ü POWDER OF RAL:

                               1gm-2gm.

ü PASTE APPLICATION:

                                 As per need.

Ref. B.P.N.

ANUPAN

                 Anupana means after drink which makes medicine palatable to take in which are pungent which are small in quantity and to give medicine to children and aged person. It also improves pharmacological activity of drugs.

                   Since ral is ushna veerya, excess intake may cause increase in pitta dosha. In such cases, unctuous drayas like milk+ghee should be given.

Ref. B.P.N.

VISHISTA YOGA

·       SALSARADI  KWATH

·       SARJARASADI  MALAHAR

·       ATASYADI  LEPA

·       PINDA TAILAM.

Ref- B.R.

SECTION V

v VIRYA KALAVADHI

v SHUDHASHUDHI VIVEKA

v COLLECTION & PRESERVATION

v ADULTERANTS AND SUBSTITUTES

VIRYA KALAVADHI

                   Infinite period.

Ref. V.N.

SHUDHASHUDHI VIVEKA

          Fresh resin of shal is colourless but old is brownish coloured. It is colourless and odourless and produces smoke after burning. It is slightly soluble in alcohol and completely soluble in ether. It is completely dissolved in fixed oils. It becomes red colour when dissolve in sulphuric acid. Sp. Gravity 1.097-1.123.

Ref. V.N.

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION

Ø COLLECTION:

        The Bark which contain astringent principle are boiled in hot water becomes like khadira sara.

Ø PRESERVATION:

          It is kept in mouth sealed pot.

Ref. V.N.

 

 

Substitution and adulteration

Sarjak: Vateria indica.

          It is also belongs to the “ Dipterocarpaceae” family.

Sala: Shorea robusta

          Cut in a fresh state resin it oozes out it becomes two types- Red and White. Among that White resin is best. The resin of sala called as “Ral.” It is clear white but also having slightly yellowish and blackish colour. In fresh state it is colorless and transparent. It is not having smell like a “TARPIN” Ral and not having taste also solve into oil.

          In Sushruta for that ral- “sarjarasa” word is mentioned. Shala niryas is not found in charaka.

          In the procedure of Extraction taila from “tarpin” whatever end product is formed this end product is called as Ral. Now this Rala used in medical field.

Ref- B.P.N.

SECTION VI

v     THERAPEUTIC USES

v     RESEARCHES

v     SAMHITA ADHARA

v     NIGHANTU ADHARA

v     BIBLIOGRAPHY

AmayikA prayogA

1) A/c to Siddha bhaishajya manimala;

·       Formation of sarjaparpati

ü Ingredients:-

1) 4 pala (16 tola) - powder of ral

2)  1/2 pala (2 tola)-somala churna

ü Method of preparation:-

First give a ral churn & somala churna quantity in Earthen vessel & apply Mandagni .After heating add somala mix them. After some time make a churna & fill in a glass bottle.

ü Uses:-Kaphavatjwara in atisar & grahani bhram,vanti,raktarsha,raktapravahika.

1)Kaphaja Prameha (c.chi.6/27)

Decoction of kadamba sala,arjuna,& yavani mixed with honey is useful in kaphaja prameha

2)Hicough & asthama(S.U.50/18,51/51)

Smoke of gum-resin of sala should be inhaled

3) Kustha (S.Chi9/7)

                       Ghee cooked with priyala, Sala, Aragvada, Nimba, Saptaparna, Chitraka, Maricha& vacha, kustha is efficacious in kustha caused by kapha.

4) Galagandha (s.chi.18/53)

In galagandha caused by Meda one should take in morning heart-wood of sala tree mixed with cow urine.

5) Diseases of mouth (S.Chi.22/69)

It enters in to the composition of Snaihika-dhuma

6) Consumption (s.u.1/47)

Sala is one of the ingredients in eladi formulation.

RESERCHES

v PHRMACOLOGICAL STUDIES:

·       The non-phenolic portion of the chua-oil is reported to have a depressing effect on C.N.S. while the phenolic portion is less effective.

·       An herbal cream (herbinol) consisting of shorea robusta is reported to be bactericidal as well as bacteriostatic.

·       Effect of mixture of ethanolic extracts of five plant(Plumbago rosea, Borassus flabellifer, Carica papay, Dolichos lab-lab and Shorea robusta) is studied on metabolism of glycogen of composite root extract (CRE) was dose dependent administration of 250mg/kg did not induce significant changes in the biochemical profiles, while the other 2 doses i.e. 500mg/kg/day and 100 mg/kg/day and1000 mg/kg/day induced changes of the glycogen, protein and RNA level in uterus during all phases of the estrous cycle and the values statistically significant. The level of these biochemical components decreased in the uterus of CRE treated rats. The results showed that this herbal preparation induces bio-chem. Changes in the uterus of albino rats.

v CLINICAL STUDIES

1)52 patients of leucorrhoea (18-15 yrs) are given kungi libparam, resin of Shorea robusta. 1gm/day in 2 devided doses.kadukkai (T.chebula) decoctions was used for vaginal douche. Clinical and pathological assessment was carried out once in ten days. the response was 50 % on 10^th day,80 % on the 20^th day & 100 % after the 30 days of Rx. out of 52 cases,12 were infected with Trichomonas.vaginal were also cured. 5 cases of cervix Erosion included in this trial. Showed healing of erosion after completion of 30 days of Rx.

2) The composite root extract used by the folk women of Assam consisting of (same above) is studied for its anti fertility activity. The CRE 15 used by women folk during first 7 days of menstrual cycle to prevent conception. Oral administration of ethanolic extract (100mg/kg) indicated functional aberration of the ovarian follicle.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1)        Charaka Samhita

           By Bramhananda Trpathi & Bhagwan Das

2)        Susruta Samhita

            By Dr. Ambikadatta Shashtri

3)        Astanga Hridaya

            By Savangosandri Vyidhya

4)        Chakradatta

             By Chakrapani with Bhavatha Sonidipinc

5)        Dravya Guna Vijnana

              By P.V. Sharma and J. L. N. Shashtri

6)        Dravya Guna Hastamalaka

              By Vishwanath Dvivedi        

7)        Indian Materia Media

              By Dr. K.M. Nadkarni

8)         Indian Medicinal Plants

               By K. R. Kritikar and B. D. Bush

9)         Vanoushadi Nidarshika

                By Ramsushil Singh, V. P. Hindu Samstha

10)           Classical uses of Indian Medicinal Plants

                By D. V. Sharma

11)           Nighantu Adarsha

                By Bapalal G. Vaidya

12)           Shalingram Nighantu

                By Lala Shaligrumji Vaishoya

13)           The text book of pharmocognosy

                                  By  B. T. E. Wallis

14)           Kaiyadeva Nighantu

                  By Acharya Priyavatta Sharma & Guru 

          Prasad Sharma

15)           Bhav Prakash Nighantu

                    By K. C. Chunekar

16)           Database of Indian Medicinal Plants

17)           Priya Nighantu

                     By P. V. Sharma Krishanadas Academy, 

            Varanasi

18)           Bhaisajya Ratnavali

                      By Govinda das, Vaidyotini Hindu,

           Vakhya Kaviraj

19)           A textbook of systemic botany

                                  By R. N. Sutaria

20)           Flora of kolhapur district

                                   By M. M. Sardesai & S. R. Yadav

NAGKESARA

ANUPAN

                 Anupan means after drink which makes medicine palatable to take in which are pungent which are small in quantity and to give medicine to children and aged person. It also improves pharmacological activity of drugs.

1.    Ghee

2.    Butter

Ref. B.P.N.

VIRYA KALAVADHI

             1 year.

Ref. V.N.

SROTOGAMITVA

     Dosha- Kapha, Pitta (allivetes).

     Dhatu- Rakta, Majja, Shukra(aphrodisiac)

     Mala- Swed(antidiaphroetic)

               Mutra (diaurietic)

VARUN-

SROTOGAMITVA

Dosha- Reduces kapha, vata.

     Dhatu- Rakta, Meda,(lymphadenopathy) reduces fat.

     Mala- Purush(Vermicidal)

               Mutra (destroyes urinary calculi)

Ref. Gogate

GOKSHUR

SROTOGAMITVA

Dosha- Tridosha shamak.

     Dhatu- Shukra (aphrodisiac), Mamsa Meda.

     Mala- Mutra (destroyes urinary calculi, disurea)

Ref. Gogate